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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00137_Field_frep122.txt
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1996-12-30
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A second method for
demonstrating the columns
reveals the slabs in their full
thickness, not just the part in
layer 4. This is the 2-
deoxyglucose method, invented
by Louis Sokoloff at the National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
in 1976. It too depends
ultimately on the ability of
radioactive substances to
darken photographic film. The
method is based on the fact that
nerve cells, like most cells in
the body, consume glucose as
fuel, and the harder they are
made to work, the more glucose
they eat. Accordingly, we might
imagine injecting radioactive
glucose into an animal,
stimulating one eye, say the
right, with patterns for some
minutes--long enough for the
glucose to be taken up by the
active cells in the brain--and
then removing the brain and
slicing it, coating the slices
with silver emulsion, and
exposing and developing, as
before. This idea didn't work
because glucose is consumed by
the cells and converted to
energy and degradation
products, which quickly leak
back out into the blood stream.
To sidestep the leakage,
Sokoloff's ingenious trick was
to use the substance
deoxyglucose, which is close
enough chemically to glucose to
fool the cells into taking it up:
they even begin metabolizing it.
The process of breakdown goes
only one step along the usual
chemical degradation path,
coming to a halt after the
deoxyglucose is converted to a
substance (2-deoxyglucose-6-
phosphate) that can be degraded
no further. Luckily, this
substance is fat insoluble and
can't leak out of the cell; so it
accumulates to levels at which
it can be detected in
autoradiographs. What we
finally see on the film is a
picture of the brain regions
that became most active during
the stimulation period and took
up most of this fake food. Had
the animal been moving its arm
during that time, the motor arm
area in the cortex would also
have lit up. In the case of
stimulating the right eye, what
we see are the parts of the
cortex most strongly activated
by that stimulus, namely, the
set of right ocular-dominance
columns. You see the result in
the photographs to the left.
Two experiments using
radioactive deoxyglucose. Top: A
cross section of the two
hemispheres through the
occipital lobes in a control
animal that had its visual field
stimulated with both eyes open
following the intravenous
injection. Bottom: After
injection, an animal viewed
the stimulus with one eye open
and the other closed. The
ocular-dominance patterns are
clearly visible in the cortex.
This experiment was done by C.
Kennedy, M. H. Des Rosiers, O.
Sakurada, M. Shinohara, M.
Reivich, J. W. Jehle, and L.
Sokoloff.